DECLARE SUB Pict1 () DECLARE SUB Pict2 () DECLARE SUB Pict3 () DECLARE SUB Pict4 () DECLARE SUB Pict5 () DECLARE SUB Pager () REM GE Copeland REM Dept of Physics REM Old Dominion University REM Norfolk, VA REM 3/20/2001 REM REM 100 DIM p(23) 110 DIM X(23), Y(23) 120 DATA 1E-9,3E-9,5E-9 200 DATA 7E-9,10E-9,15E-9,20E-9,30E-9,40E-9,50E-9,70E-9,80E-9,90E-9 210 DATA 100E-9,200E-9,300E-9 300 DATA 400E-9,500E-9,600E-9,700E-9,800E-9,900E-9,1000E-9 400 REM REM log base change baselog = 1! / (LOG(10!)) 500 REM 600 PRINT CHR$(12); CALL Pict1 2200 CALL Pager CALL Pict2 3900 CALL Pager CALL Pict3 6205 CALL Pager CALL Pict4 8000 CALL Pager CALL Pict5 9600 CALL Pager 9700 REM 9800 REM CONSTANTS 9900 K1 = .0176 10000 K2 = .81 10100 K3 = 29! 10200 K4 = 1.774E-05 10300 K5 = .0127 10400 K6 = 6.24E-08 10500 K7 = 4.45E-07 10600 K8 = 4.68E-11 10700 K9 = 1.008E-14 10800 K0 = .1 10900 REM 11000 REM 11100 REM PRESSURES MUST BE INSERTED IN ATM 11200 PRINT " WE SHALL NEED VALUES OF THE PRESSURES OF THE GASES CO2,SO2 & NH3." 11300 PRINT "THE CALCULATIONS DEMAND THEY BE USED IN UNITS OF ATM, BUT WE WILL" 11400 PRINT "CONVERT TO ATM FROM PPM.<1PPM = 1.E-6 ATM>." 11500 PRINT "TYPICAL VALUES FOR NH3=10PPB, SO2=7PPB TO 1PPM, CO2=.325 PPT " 11600 PRINT "WHERE PPT 1 IN 1000. WE WILL FIX THE CO2 TO 3.24E-4 ATM." 11700 PRINT "THE SO2 VALUES WILL BE ALTERED FROM 7PPB UP TO 1PPM." 11800 PRINT "INPUT THE NH3 CONCENTRATION IN PPB"; 11900 INPUT P1 11905 N3 = P1 12000 P1 = P1 * 1E-09 12100 PRINT 12200 FOR I = 1 TO 23 12300 READ p(I) 12400 NEXT I 12500 REM READ SO2 CONCTRATIONS FROM DATA STATEMENT 12600 REM 12700 P3 = .000325 12800 CALL Pager 13000 PRINT "NH3", "SO2", "CO2", "PH", "TIME" 13100 PRINT "PPB", "PPB", "PPB", , "HRS" 13200 FOR I = 1 TO 23 13300 P2 = p(I) 13500 REM 13600 REM 13700 REM CALCULATE THE CONSTANTS 13800 REM T=TIME =1.0 MIN 13900 T = 60! * 24! 14000 A = 1! + P1 * K4 / (K1 * K9) 14100 C = K9 + (K5 * P2 / K2) + (K7 * P3 / K3) 14200 D = 2! * (K6 * K5 * P2 / K2) + 2! * (K7 * K8 * P3 / K3) 14300 S4 = -2! * K0 * T * K5 * K6 * P2 / K2 14400 REM TRY THE STANDARD SOLUTION 14500 A1 = -C / A 14600 B1 = (-D + S4) / A 14605 A1 = A1 * 1E+12 14610 B1 = B1 * 1E+18 15100 R1 = B1 * (B1 * .25) + A1 * (A1 * (A1 / 27!)) 15200 R1 = SQR(R1) 15300 A2 = -B1 * .5 + R1 15400 A2 = A2 ^ .33333333# 15500 B2 = -B1 * .5 - R1 15600 B2 = B2 ^ .33333333# 15700 h1 = A2 + B2 15705 h1 = h1 * .000001 REM 15800 h2 = -LOG10(h1) h2 = -LOG(h1) * baselog REM error log10 not defined in QB45 REM 16000 PRINT P1 / 1E-09; SPACE$(6); P2 / 1E-09; SPACE$(6); P3 / 1E-09; SPACE$(6); H2; REM 16005 PRINT SPACE$(6); T / 60! PRINT USING "######.### "; P1 / 1E-09; P2 / 1E-09; P3 / 1E-09; h2; T / 60! 16060 X(I) = P2 / 1E-09 16065 Y(I) = h2 16100 NEXT I 16102 PRINT "DO YOU WANT A PLOT OF ph VS [SO2]?"; 16104 INPUT p$ 16106 IF p$ = "NO" OR p$ = "no" OR p$ = "No" THEN 16800 16108 IF p$ = "YES" OR p$ = "yes" THEN 16114 16110 PRINT "YES OR NO PLEASE." 16112 GOTO 16102 16114 REM PLOT IT 16116 OPEN "PLTTEK.DAT" FOR OUTPUT AS #2 16120 PRINT #2, 1 16122 PRINT #2, 1 16124 PRINT #2, 23 16126 PRINT #2, " PH OF RAINDROPS" 16128 PRINT #2, " SO2 IN PPB" 16130 PRINT #2, " PH OF RAIN FOR SO2 " 16132 PRINT #2, " [NH3]="; N3; "PPB [CO2]=325PPT" 16134 FOR I = 1 TO 23 16136 PRINT #2, X(I), Y(I) 16138 NEXT I CLOSE #2 16200 PRINT "Return to windows and run WPLOT." CHAIN "Tek2Wplt.bas" 16800 END SUB Pager 16400 REM PAGE ROUTINE 16500 PRINT , "PUSH RETURN TO CONTINUE"; 16600 INPUT C$ PRINT CHR$(12) END SUB SUB Pict1 700 PRINT 800 PRINT "A C I D RAIN PROGRAM" 900 PRINT 1000 PRINT " WE SHALL ASSUME THE WE HAVE A RAIN DROP IN CHEMICAL " 1100 PRINT "EQUILIBRIUM WITH AN ATMOSPHERE CONTAINING NH3,SO2, AND CO2 WHOSE" 1200 PRINT "PRESSURES ARE RESPECTIVELY P1,P2 AND P3. THE RAINDROP WILL CONTAIN" 1300 PRINT "THE AQUEOUS FORMS OF THESE THREE GASES AND WILL BE SPECIFIED BY THE" 1400 PRINT "CONCENTRATIONS OF NH4OH,H2SO4,AND H2CO3. THE CONCENTRATIONS AND " 1500 PRINT "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES ARE RELATED BY HENRY'S LAW AS:" 1600 PRINT 1700 PRINT , "P1=K

*[NH4OH] EQ1" 1800 PRINT , "P2=K

*[H2SO3] EQ2" 1900 PRINT , "P3=K

*[H2CO3] EQ3" 2000 PRINT 2100 PRINT END SUB SUB Pict2 2300 PRINT "THE AQUEOUS SPECIES BEING CONSIDERED UNDERGO ACID-BASE REACTIONS" 2400 PRINT "WITH WATER AS FOLLOWS:" 2500 PRINT 2600 PRINT "NH4OH = NH4+ + OH- ;K1 = [NH4+]*[OH-]/[NH4OH] EQ4" 2700 PRINT "H2SO3 = H+ + HSO3- ;K1S = [H+]*[HSO3-]/[H2SO3] EQ5" 2800 PRINT 'HSO3- = H+ + SO23--; K2S = [H+]*[SO3--]/[HSO3-] EQ6' 2900 PRINT 'H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- ; K1C = [H+]*"HCO3-]/[H2CO3] EQ7' 3000 PRINT "HCO3- = H+ + CO3-- ; K2C = [H+]*[CO3--]/[HCO3-] EQ8" 3100 PRINT 3200 PRINT "WATER EXISTS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH H AND OH AS" 3300 PRINT 3400 PRINT "H2O = H+ + OH- ; KW = [H+]*[OH-] EQ9" 3500 PRINT 3600 PRINT "IN ORDER TO SOLVE FOR THE PH OF THE RAINDROP WE USE THE EQUATION" 3700 PRINT "OF ELECTRICAL NEUTRALITY. SUM OF THE +Q=SUM OF THE-Q" END SUB SUB Pict3 4000 PRINT "WE ASSUME THAT AN UNDERTERMINED AMOUNT OF SULFATE ION IS PRESENT" 4100 PRINT "AND THIS ION IS A VERY WEAK BASE, THEN THE EQUATION OF ELECTRICAL N" 4200 PRINT "NEUTRALITY IS:" 4300 PRINT 4400 PRINT " [NH4+] + [H+]=[OH-]+[HSO3-]+[HCO3-]+2[SO3--]+2[CO3--]+2[SO4--] EQ?" 4500 PRINT 4600 PRINT "WE MUST SOLVE THIS EQUATION FOR [H+] BY SUBSTITUTING ALL" 4700 PRINT "THE ABOVE EQUATIONS TO ELIMINATE THE UNKNOWNS. WE OBTAIN:" 4800 PRINT 4900 PRINT " A[H+]^3 -2.*[SO4--]*[H+]^2-C*[H+]-D =0.0 EQ11" 5000 PRINT 5100 PRINT "NOTE THAT THIS IS A CUBIC EQUATION IN ^H+] AND THE COEFFICIENTS" 5200 PRINT "ARE A = 1+(PA*K1/(KH1*KW) )" 5300 PRINT , "C = KW+(K1S*PS/KHS)+(K1C*PC/KHC)" 5400 PRINT , "D = 2.*(K1S*K2S*PS/KHS)+2.*(K1C*K2C*PC/KHC)" 5500 PRINT 5600 PRINT "SCOTT AND HOBBS IN 1967 USED THESE VALUES FOR THE K'S." 5700 PRINT 5800 PRINT "KHS = 0.81 ATM-1" 5900 PRINT "KW = 1.008E-14 ^2 KHA = 1.76E-2 ATM*-1" 6000 PRINT "KHC = 29. ATM-1 K2C = 4.68E-11 M/L" 6100 PRINT "KA = 1.774E-5 M/L K1S = 1.27E-2 M/L" 6200 PRINT "K2S = 6.24E-8 M/L K1C = 4.45E-7 M/L" END SUB SUB Pict4 6300 PRINT 6500 PRINT "NOW WE CAN CALCULATE THE VALUES OF [ph] IF WE HAVE VALUES" 6600 PRINT "FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES OF NH3,SO2,AND CO2 AND THE" 6700 PRINT "CONCENTRATION OF THE ION IN SOLUTION SO4--." 6800 PRINT "WE SHALL ASSUME THE THE DROPLET HAS NOT ABSORBED ANY OTHER" 6900 PRINT "MATERIAL THAT CAN MAKE IT ACIDIC OR BASIC,SUCH AS HCL OR " 7000 PRINT "CARBONATES. THE FINAL STEP IS TO FIND A VALUE FOR [SO4--]" 7100 PRINT "AND THIS IS FOUND FROM THE OXIDATION OF SO3--." 7200 PRINT 7300 PRINT , "D [SO4--] = K * [SO3--]" 7400 PRINT , "_________ __________ EQ12" 7500 PRINT , " DT " 7600 PRINT 7700 PRINT "WE RELATE [H+] TO [SO3--] VIA EQS 5&6 AS" 7800 PRINT "[SO3--]=K1S*K2S*PS/( KHS*[H+]^2) EQ13" END SUB SUB Pict5 8200 PRINT " WE ASSUME THAT THE K VALUE IN THE RATE EQUATION IS 0.1 MIN-1," 8300 PRINT "& EVALUATE [SO4--] COEFFICIENT OF [H+]^2 IN EQ 11 AS A FUNCTION" 8400 PRINT "OF TIME FOR FIXED ATMOSPHERIC VALUES OF NH3,CO2 AND SO2." 8500 PRINT 8600 PRINT 8700 PRINT "A TYPICAL VALUE OF CO2 IN THE ATOMSPHERE IS 320 PARTS PER THOUSAND." 8800 8900 PRINT "DATA FOR NH3 IS 10PPB AND SO2 IS VARIABLE FROM 1PPB TO 1 PPM." 9000 PRINT 9100 PRINT "IN THE ABOVE CALCULATIONS, WE HAVE USED THE PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE" 9200 PRINT "GASES IN ATMS. TO CONVERT FROM FRACTIONAL VALUES TO ATMOS-" 9300 PRINT "PHERE, ONE MUST USE THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE:" 9400 PRINT " REMEMBER 1PPM IS 1PPM BY VOLUME! IN AIR CHEMISTRY." END SUB