Physics News Update
June 30, 2003

A five-quark state has been discovered, first reported by a group of physicists working at the SPring-8 physics lab in Japan. All confirmed particles known previously have been either combinations of three quarks (baryons, such as protons or neutrons) or two quarks (mesons such as pions or kaons). Although not forbidden by the standard model of particle physics, other configurations of quarks had not been found until now. The "pentaquark" particle, with a mass just above 1.5 GeV, was discovered in the following way. At the SPring-8 facility a laser beam is scattered from a beam of 8-GeV electrons circulating in a synchrotron racetrack. These scattered photons constitute a beam of powerful gamma rays which were scattered from a fixed target consisting of carbon-12 atoms. The reaction being sought was one in which a gamma and a neutron inside a carbon nucleus collided, leaving a neutron, a K+ meson, and a K- meson in the final state. Efficient detectors downstream of the collision area looked for the evidence of the existence of various combinations of particles, including a short-lived state in which the K+ and the neutron had coalesced into a pentaquark.

[SRHR Editors' Note: Atomic Theory everyone learned in school holds that matter is made up of discrete atoms, consisting of a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons bound tightly together at the center of the atom, and much farther away, a cloud of electrons roughly in the shape of a sphere around the nucleus.
 
Experiments over the last decades have shown that the neutrons, protons, mesons, and other subatomic particles we are familiar with are not homogeneous, but are, in turn, made up of even smaller, sub-subatomic particles called quarks.
 
There are six types of quarks, known as "flavors". The six quarks are the "up" quark (designated u), "down" quark (d), "strange" quark (s), "charm" quark (c), "top" quark (t), and "bottom" quark (b). There are also corresponding anti-quarks, made of anti-matter, designated u-bar, d-bar, s-bar, c-bar, t-bar, and b-bar. Not all combinations of quarks are stable; the rules of Quantum Chromodynamics describe which combinations of quarks form stable subatomic particles, like protons and neutrons:
 
Protons and neutrons are classed as "baryons".
Protons consist of one "down" quark and two "up" quarks, (designated uud).
Neutrons consist of one "up" quark and two "down" quarks, (udd).
Kaons are K+ mesons or K- mesons.
K+ mesons consist of one "up" quark and one "strange" anti-quark (us-bar).
K- mesons consist of one "strange" quark and one "up" anti-quark (su-bar)
The pentaquark (designated Theta-plus) consists of a coalesced neutron (two "down" quarks and one "up" quark) and a K+ meson (an "up" quark and a "strange" antiquark). It is designated nK+ (neutron-kaon) or uudds-bar. The pentaquark can be formed when gamma rays collide with neutrons in a carbon-12 or deuterium nucleus.]

 

A schematic drawing of how a pentaquark particle is created in high energy collisions at the SPring-8 accelerator in Japan and at the Jefferson Lab in the US. First, an energetic gamma ray, or photon, strikes a nucleus.  Within the nucleus are nucleons, which are either protons (consisting in turn of two "up" quarks and one "down" quark) and neutrons (consisting of two "down" quarks and one "up" quark).  In some collisions, the debris particles will include a pentaquark (consisting of two "up" quarks, two "down" quarks, and a "strange" antiquark), a negative K meson (a "strange" quark and an up antiquark), and other particles.  Later, after a time not yet determined (but maybe as short as 10-20 seconds), the pentaquark decays into a positively charged K meson ("up" quark plus "strange" antiquark) plus a neutron, which are sensed in detectors farther along.  Studying the properties of the end-product neutrons and K+ mesons is what confirms the existence of the pentaquark. (Courtesy Malcolm Tarlton, AIP)

In this case, the amalgamated particle, or resonance, would have consisted of the three quarks from the neutron (two "down" quarks and one "up" quark) and the two quarks from the K+ (an "up" quark and a "strange" antiquark). The evidence for this collection of five quarks would be an excess of events (a peak) on a plot of "missing" masses deduced from K- particles seen in the experiment. The Laser-Electron Photon Facility (LEPS) at the SPring-8 machine is reporting exactly this sort of excess at a mass of 1540 MeV with an uncertainty of 10 MeV. The statistical certainty that this peak is not just a fluctuation in the natural number of background events, and that the excess number of events is indicative of a real particle, is quoted as being 4.6 standard deviations above the background. This, according to most particle physicists, is highly suggestive of discovery. (Nakano et al., Physical Review Letters, 4 July 2003; contact Takashi Nakano, 81-6-6879-8938)

Confirmation of this discovery comes quickly. A team of physicists in the US, led by Ken Hicks of Ohio University (740-593-1981) working in the CLAS collaboration at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, has also found evidence for the pentaquark. A photon beam (each photon being created by smashing the Jefferson Lab electron beam into a target and then measuring the energy of the scattered electron in order to determine the energy of the outgoing gamma) was directed onto a nuclear target. The photon collides with a deuteriumn target and the neutron-kaon (nK+) final state is studied in the CLAS detector (http://www.jlab.org/Hall-B/). The Jefferson Lab result was announced at the Conference on the Intersections of Nuclear and Particle Physics held on May 19-24, 2003, at New York City. Stepan Stepanyan (757-269-7196) reported at this meeting that the mass measured for the pentaquark, 1.543 GeV (with an uncertainty of 5 MeV), is very close to the LEPS value. The statistical basis of the CLAS measurement is an impressive 5.4 standard deviations. (This result is about to be submitted to Physical Review Letters.) These results, together with the previous results from SPring-8, now provide firmer evidence for the existence of the pentaquark. The HERMES experiment at the DESY lab in Germany is also pursuing the pentaquark particle.

The discovery of a 5-quark state should be of compelling interest to particle physicists, and this might be only the first of a family of such states. Not only that but a new classification of matter, like a new limb in the family tree of strongly interacting particles: first there were baryons and mesons, now there are also pentaquarks. According to Ken Hicks, a member of both the SPring-8 and Jefferson Lab experiments, this pentaquark can be considered as a baryon. Unlike all other known baryons, though, the pentaquark would have a strangeness value of S=+1, meaning that the baryon contains a "strange" anti-quark. Past searches for this state have all been inconclusive. Hicks attributes the new discovery to better beams, more efficient detectors, and more potent computing analysis power.

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updated July 1, 2003